
Prof. John J. Mearsheimer zum Ukrainekrieg
«Russland wird gewinnen»
John Mearsheimer geht von anderen Annahmen über die russischen Motive für den Krieg in der Ukraine aus als unsere Medien. Er glaubt, dass die Russen die NATO-Erweiterung, die Einmischung des Westens in die ukrainische Regierung (Victoria Nuland und andere) und die Unehrlichkeit des Westens bei Verhandlungen wie dem Minsk-II-Abkommen als existenzielle Bedrohung Russlands sehen, gegen die sie vorgehen mussten und müssen. Die vorherrschende Meinung ist, dass der Einmarsch in die Ukraine unprovoziert war und dass Putin ein Diktator ist, der von imperialistischen Ambitionen getrieben wird.
von John J. Mearsheimer | 16. Juli 2023
John Joseph Mearsheimer (*1947) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler an der University of Chicago. Sein Schwerpunkt ist die Analyse internationaler Beziehungen aus der Perspektive des offensiven Neorealismus. Nach dieser Theorie, einer Richtung der neorealistischen Theorie in internationalen Beziehungen, sind Staaten mit einem gegebenen Mass an Macht nicht zufrieden, sondern streben aus Sicherheitsgründen nach Hegemonie. Mearsheimers Erklärungsansatz und seine darauf gegründete Auffassung, für den Konflikt zwischen Russland und der Ukraine sei vor allem die aussenpolitische Strategie der USA verantwortlich, wurden besonders nach dem Überfall Russlands auf die Ukraine kontrovers diskutiert. Dieser Text wurde aus dem Englischen übersetzt. Original hier.
1 This paper was written to serve as the basis for public talks I have given or will give on the Ukraine conflict.
2 https://nationalinterest.org/feature/causes-and-consequences-ukraine-crisis-203182
https://jmss.org/article/view/76584
https://harpers.org/archive/2023/06/why-are-we-in-ukraine/
https://nationalinterest.org/feature/course-correcting-toward-diplomacy-ukraine-crisis-204171
3 http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/70565
4 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71445
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71391
5 https://nationalinterest.org/feature/course-correcting-toward-diplomacy-ukraine-crisis-204171
https://tass.com/politics/1634479
6 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71391
Putin briefly mentioned these two goals in his 24 February 2023 speech announcing the invasion of Ukraine. But they were not realistic goals, given that Russia was launching a “special military operation” that did not aim at conquering all of Ukraine. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843
Thus, it is not surprising that Putin abandoned these two goals during the Istanbul negotiations in March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/7f14efe8-2f4c-47a2-aa6b-9a755a39b626
7 Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 with approximately 1.5 million soldiers. The Polish territory it conquered for purposes of annexing and administering was about 188,000 square kilometers and was populated by about 22.1 million Poles. Ukraine without Crimea was roughly 603,601 square kilometers and had a population of 41 million Ukrainians when Russia invaded on 24 February 2022. In other words, Ukraine was geographically more than three times larger than the part of Poland that the Germans conquered in 1939 and Ukraine had close to twice the population. For the Ukraine numbers, see notes 9 and 28. For the Polish numbers, see: Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939), (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1956), p. 77; Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1986), p. 2; and http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf
8 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71391
9 Pre-2014 Ukraine was 603,628 square km. Crimea (27,000), Donetsk (26,517), Kherson (28,461), Luhansk (26,684), and Zaporozhe (27,180) represent approximately 23 percent of Ukraine’s territory. If the Russians also annexed Dnipropetrovsk (31,914), Kharkiv (31,415), Mykolaiv (24,598), and Odessa (33,310), they would control about 43 percent of pre-2014 Ukraine.
11 https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/4/pdf/2003-NATO-Russia_en.pdf
12 https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10014.html
13 https://www.cfr.org/article/how-much-aid-has-us-sent-ukraine-here-are-six-charts
15 https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/322/text
16 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/14/ukraine-counteroffensive-biden-support/
19 https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/the-west-is-preparing-for-russias-disintegration/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/14/us/politics/biden-nato-ukraine.html
24 Big Serge Thought
Russo-Ukrainian War: Schrodinger’s Offensive
Where is the big Russian offensive? This is, at the moment, the million dollar question that inevitably intrudes on any discussion of the war’s current course. It is probably not surprising (to those of us that are familiar with human nature, at least) that this question becomes a Rorschach test in which everybody sees their own …
25 Big Serge Thought
The Battle of Bakhmut: Postmortem
On May 20th, PMC Wagner forced Ukrainian troops out of their last remaining position within the city limits of Bakhmut, consequentially bringing about the nominal end of the largest battle of the 21st century (so far). Bakhmut has been the most substantial locus of military operations in Ukraine for most of the past nine months. Combat there took on a f…
27 https://tass.com/defense/1524515
28 Russia had roughly 144 million people at the start of the conflict, while Ukraine had 41 million, a figure that includes the people living in the the Donbass but does not include the 2.4 million people living in Crimea. That yields a 3.5:1 ratio in Russia’s favor. As noted, approximately 8 million Ukrainians have left the country since the war started – about 3 million of them have gone to Russia and the other 5 million have gone to the West. Furthermore, Russia has annexed territory in Ukraine, not all of which it now controls. Before the war started in February 2022, there were roughly 8.8 million people in the four oblasts that Russia has annexed, some of whom are in territory that Russia does not yet control and some of whom are included in the 3 million Ukrainians who have moved to Russia. It seems reasonable to assume that 4 million of the 8.8 million that were in those oblasts before the war are now under Russian control. Thus, Russia now has a population of 151 million (144 + 3 million refugees + 4 million people in the areas in Eastern Ukraine it now controls). Ukraine, on the other hand, has 30 million people in its present population (41 million – 8 million refugees – 4 million people in the areas in eastern Ukraine that Russia now controls). Those numbers yield a 5:1 Russian advantage. Of course, those numbers could change if large numbers of Ukrainian refugees return home or if Russia conquers substantially more Ukrainian territory and annexes it. Regardless, Ukraine will remain decisively outnumbered when it comes to population size.
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC132458
https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/12/12/the-war-has-worsened-ukraines-demographic-woes
https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/whats-ahead-war-ukraine
https://tass.com/society/1627949
https://www.rt.com/russia/577546-ukraine-population-shrink-half/
29 https://kyivindependent.com/danilov-ukraine-lost-7-5-times-fewer-troops-than-russians-in-bakhmut/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537
30 To quote a Ukrainian infantryman fighting in Bakhmut, “It’s a pity that probably 90% of our losses are from artillery – or tanks and aviation … And much less (casualties) from shooting battles.” https://kyivindependent.com/battle-of-bakhmut-ukrainian-soldiers-worry-russians-begin-to-taste-victory/
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/russia-ukraine-war-ammo-rcna56210
https://kyivindependent.com/why-ukraine-struggles-to-combat-russias-artillery-superiority/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/20/bakhmut-ukraine-war-leaked-documents/
https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-soldiers-in-bakhmut-our-troops-are-not-being-protected/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/13/ukraine-casualties-pessimism-ammunition-shortage/
32 It is difficult to determine the number of Russian and Ukrainian casualties, as both sides provide little information on their own casualties and questionable information on their opponent’s casualties. It is worth noting, however, that both pro-Ukrainian and pro-Western accounts of battlefield events often talk about the remarkably high casualty levels the Ukrainian forces are suffering, while there is no equivalent discourse in the pro-Russian descriptions of the battlefield. There are certainly discussions of Russian casualties, but one sees little evidence that Russian forces are suffering especially high casualty levels like their Ukrainian counterparts. Various governments, institutions, and individuals offer casualty estimates, but do not provide an explanation for how they arrived at their numbers. A rare exception is a careful analysis of the protracted Battle of Bakhmut by a pro-Russian blogger, who estimates that the casualty-exchange ratio in that fight favored the Russians by roughly 2:1.
Big Serge Thought
The Battle of Bakhmut: Postmortem
On May 20th, PMC Wagner forced Ukrainian troops out of their last remaining position within the city limits of Bakhmut, consequentially bringing about the nominal end of the largest battle of the 21st century (so far). Bakhmut has been the most substantial locus of military operations in Ukraine for most of the past nine months. Combat there took on a f…
33
Time for Ukraine’s Offensive?
One of the leaked Pentagon documents Halted against the shade of a last hill, They fed, and, lying easy, were at ease And, finding comfortable chests and knees Carelessly slept. But many there stood still To face the stark, blank sky beyond the ridge…
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/06/bakhmut-wagner-mercenaries-russia-ukraine/
34 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538780
35 https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/whats-ahead-war-ukraine
36 On the American Civil War, see the casualty figures for the initial offenders and defenders in the first twelve major battles of that bloody conflict in Richard E. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986), p. 460. Regarding WWI, consider two of the major battles that took place in 1916. At the Battle of Verdun, which Germany initiated against France and where 23 million artillery shell were fired by the two sides, there were 350,000 German casualties and 400,000 French casualties. In the Battle of the Somme, where British and French forces initiated the attack against the German army and where 1,700,000 shells were fired on the first day alone, the Allies suffered roughly 620,000 casualties, while the German suffered 550,000 casualties. Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the First World War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), pp. 53, 56; and https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Battle-of-the-Somme/; https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Verdun
37 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/20/bakhmut-ukraine-war-leaked-documents/
38 https://tass.com/defense/1524515
39 For evidence that Russian ground forces are in good shape after fourteen months of war and likely to improve moving forward, see the recent congressional testimony by General Christopher Cavoli, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.
https://www.economist.com/syrsky-interview
40 https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2023/04/17/lieven-inside-ukraine-some-real-breaks-and-insights/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537
https://www.kyivpost.com/post/15227
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/17/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-tactics.html
41 https://www.ft.com/content/aee0e1a1-c464-4af9-a1c8-73fcbc46ed17
https://www.rt.com/russia/573610-russia-ammo-production-putin/
Big Serge Thought
Russo-Ukrainian War: Leak Biopsy
Author’s Note: I had been intending to publish an article on Soviet operational art this week, but the emergence of the leaks diverted my attention and led to this article instead. We’ll return to military history shortly. Another winter has ended, and spring has again arisen on the war in Ukraine. Amid the thaw and attendant mud, Russian forces – inclu…
42 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71445
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71391
43 https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-runs-into-russian-air-superiority-82c621c
44 https://kyivindependent.com/russias-smart-bombs-pose-increasingly-serious-threat-to-ukraine/
https://www.rt.com/russia/575978-ukraine-glide-bombs-offensive/
45 https://www.rt.com/russia/576996-russia-conditions-ukraine-peace/
46 “A poll in February and March [2023] by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 87 per cent of Ukrainians considered any territorial concessions to achieve peace unacceptable. Only 9 per cent said they would accept concessions if it meant lasting peace.”
https://www.ft.com/content/d68b4007-4ddf-4320-b29a-f2eee2662d6e
47 https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-truth-behind-ukraine-s-language-policy/ This article makes it clear how important language is for fueling the troubles inside Ukraine.
48 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181
49 https://mondediplo.com/2023/01/04ukraine
51 https://goodfaithmedia.org/understanding-zelenskyys-we-will-not-forgive-we-will-not-forget
52 https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-nationalism-war/
53 https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/22/world/europe/zelensky-russian-ban-ukraine.html
54 https://www.rt.com/russia/577407-donetsk-ukrainian-language-pushilin/
55 https://consortiumnews.com/2022/12/13/patrick-lawrence-germany-the-lies-of-empire/
https://www.rt.com/russia/567873-zakharova-merkel-minsk-agreements/
56 https://consortiumnews.com/2022/12/05/scott-ritter-merkel-reveals-wests-duplicity/
https://www.rt.com/russia/577553-poroshenko-minsk-accords-nato/
On Zelensky, https://www.rt.com/russia/571243-zelensky-minsk-agreements-failure/
57 https://www.rt.com/russia/567967-putin-thinks-shouldve-started-sooner/
http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/70565
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71445
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71391
https://www.rt.com/russia/578175-lavrov-ukraine-world-order/
58 The World Bank reports that: “The Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine, the subsequent disruption of energy, food, metals and other supplies, and the tightening of monetary policy and financial conditions dramatically slowed growth in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) in 2022. Growth of regional activity weakened to 1.2 percent in 2022 from 7.1 percent in 2021.”
https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-bank-warns-of-lost-decade-for-global-economy-aba506a4
59 https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/world/europe/nato-russia-ukraine-war.html
60 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/playing-fire-ukraine
Consider, for example, how Finland and Sweden joining NATO will heighten Russia’s sense of danger. Not only will Moscow be facing a more formidable Western alliance, but Finland shares an 830-mile-long border with Russia; and the United States is apparently planning to establish a military presence in Finland. Furthermore, the Baltic Sea, which is of vital strategic importance for Russia – especially because of Kaliningrad – will now be surrounded by NATO countries. To make matters worse, there is serious potential for trouble in the Arctic, where Russia is one of eight rim states and where disputes are likely as the ice continues to melt. The other seven rim states, however, are now all NATO members – Britain, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and the United States. In a crisis in the Arctic, an outnumbered and scared Russia – with most of its conventional forces pinned down in Ukraine – might pursue a highly risky military strategy to protect itself.
https://www.indianpunchline.com/us-sees-in-finlands-nato-accession-encirclement-of-russia/
https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/us-talks-establishing-military-bases-finland
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/china-russia-arctic-cooperation-context-divided-arctic/#
https://warontherocks.com/2023/03/russia-wont-sit-idly-by-after-finland-and-sweden-join-nato/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/31/world/europe/blinken-arctic-nato-russia.html
61 https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/09/underachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991-pub-47451
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Economic-difficulties
https://consortiumnews.com/2023/05/08/ukraines-big-mistake/
On Ukraine’s population, see the sources in note 28.
https://www.19fortyfive.com/2023/06/the-shocking-economic-damage-to-ukraine-from-russias-invasion/
63 https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2023/04/ukraine-civilian-casualty-update-10-april-2023
https://www.rt.com/russia/577546-ukraine-population-shrink-half/
65 https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/06/09/america-weapons-china-00100373
66 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-18/why-ukraine-crisis-west-s-fault
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/opinion/getting-ukraine-wrong.html
https://nationalinterest.org/feature/causes-and-consequences-ukraine-crisis-203182
https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-john-mearsheimer-blames-the-us-for-the-crisis-in-ukraine